source: branches/f4grobner/symbolic-polynomial.lisp@ 3868

;;; -*-  Mode: Lisp -*- 
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;;                                                                              
;;;  Copyright (C) 1999, 2002, 2009, 2015 Marek Rychlik <rychlik@u.arizona.edu>          
;;;                                                                              
;;;  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify        
;;;  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by        
;;;  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or           
;;;  (at your option) any later version.                                         
;;;                                                                              
;;;  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,             
;;;  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of              
;;;  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the               
;;;  GNU General Public License for more details.                                
;;;                                                                              
;;;  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License           
;;;  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software                 
;;;  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  
;;;                                                                              
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

(defpackage "SYMBOLIC-POLYNOMIAL"
  (:use :cl :utils :monom :polynomial :infix :infix-printer)
  (:export "SYMBOLIC-POLY" "READ-INFIX-FORM" "STRING->POLY" "POLY->STRING" "->INFIX" "+LIST-MARKER+")
  (:documentation "Implements symbolic polynomials. A symbolic
polynomial is polynomial which uses symbolic variables for reading and
printing in standard human-readable (infix) form."))

(in-package :symbolic-polynomial)

(defparameter +list-marker+ :[
  "A sexp with this head is considered a list of polynomials.")

(defclass symbolic-poly (poly)
  ((vars :initform nil 
         :initarg :vars 
         :accessor symbolic-poly-vars)
   )
  (:default-initargs :termlist nil :vars nil))

(defmethod print-object ((self symbolic-poly) stream)
  (print-unreadable-object (self stream :type t :identity t)
    (with-accessors ((dimension poly-dimension)
                     (termlist poly-termlist) 
                     (order poly-term-order)
                     (vars symbolic-poly-vars))
        self
      (format stream "DIMENSION=~A TERMLIST=~A ORDER=~A VARS=~A" 
              dimension termlist order vars))))


(defmethod universal-equalp ((self symbolic-poly) (other symbolic-poly))
  (when (universal-equalp (symbolic-poly-vars self) (symbolic-poly-vars other))
    (call-next-method)))

(defmethod universal-equalp ((self symbol) (other symbol))
  (eq self other))

(defmethod update-instance-for-different-class :after ((old poly) (new  symbolic-poly) &key)
  "After adding variables to NEW, we need to make sure that the number
of variables given by POLY-DIMENSION is consistent with VARS."
  (assert (= (length (symbolic-poly-vars new)) (poly-dimension new))))

(defun poly-eval (expr vars order) 
  "Evaluate Lisp form EXPR to a polynomial or a list of polynomials in
variables VARS. Return the resulting polynomial or list of
polynomials.  Standard arithmetical operators in form EXPR are
replaced with their analogues in the ring of polynomials, and the
resulting expression is evaluated, resulting in a polynomial or a list
of polynomials in internal form. A similar operation in another computer
algebra system could be called 'expand' or so."
  (labels ((p-eval (p) (poly-eval p vars order))
           (p-eval-scalar (p) (poly-eval p '() order))
           (p-eval-list (plist) (mapcar #'p-eval plist)))
    (cond 
      ((eq expr 0) 
       (make-instance 'symbolic-poly :dimension (length vars) :vars vars))
      ((member expr vars :test #'equalp)
       (let ((pos (position expr vars :test #'equalp)))
         (make-poly-variable (length vars) pos)))
      ((atom expr)
       expr)
      ((eq (car expr) +list-marker+)
       (cons +list-marker+ (p-eval-list (cdr expr))))
      (t
       (case (car expr)
         (+ (reduce #'add (p-eval-list (cdr expr))))
         (- (apply #'subtract (p-eval-list (cdr expr))))
         (*
          (if (endp (cddr expr))        ;unary
              (p-eval (cdr expr))
              (reduce #'multiply (p-eval-list (cdr expr)))))
         (/ 
          ;; A polynomial can be divided by a scalar
          (cond 
            ((endp (cddr expr))
             ;; A special case (/ ?), the inverse
             (divide (cadr expr)))
            (t
             (let ((num (p-eval (cadr expr)))
                   (denom-inverse (apply #'divide (mapcar #'p-eval-scalar (cddr expr)))))
               (multiply denom-inverse num)))))
         (expt
          (cond
            ((member (cadr expr) vars :test #'equalp)
             ;;Special handling of (expt var pow)
             (let ((pos (position (cadr expr) vars :test #'equalp)))
               (make-poly-variable (length vars) pos (caddr expr))))
            ((not (and (integerp (caddr expr)) (plusp (caddr expr))))
             ;; Negative power means division in coefficient ring
             ;; Non-integer power means non-polynomial coefficient
             expr)
            (t (universal-expt (p-eval (cadr expr)) (caddr expr)))))
         (otherwise
          expr))))))

#|
(defun poly-eval-scalar (expr 
                         &aux 
                           (order #'lex>))
  "Evaluate a scalar expression EXPR in ring RING."
  (declare (type ring ring))
  (poly-lc (poly-eval expr nil ring order)))
|#


(defun read-infix-form (&key (stream t))
  "Parser of infix expressions with integer/rational coefficients
The parser will recognize two kinds of polynomial expressions:

- polynomials in fully expanded forms with coefficients
  written in front of symbolic expressions; constants can be optionally
  enclosed in (); for example, the infix form
        X^2-Y^2+(-4/3)*U^2*W^3-5
  parses to
        (+ (- (EXPT X 2) (EXPT Y 2)) (* (- (/ 4 3)) (EXPT U 2) (EXPT W 3)) (- 5))

- lists of polynomials; for example
        [X-Y, X^2+3*Z]          
  parses to
          (:[ (- X Y) (+ (EXPT X 2) (* 3 Z)))
  where the first symbol [ marks a list of polynomials.

-other infix expressions, for example
        [(X-Y)*(X+Y)/Z,(X+1)^2]
parses to:
        (:[ (/ (* (- X Y) (+ X Y)) Z) (EXPT (+ X 1) 2))
Currently this function is implemented using M. Kantrowitz's INFIX package."
  (read-from-string
   (concatenate 'string
                "#I(" 
                (with-output-to-string (s)
                  (loop
                     (multiple-value-bind (line eof)
                         (read-line stream t)
                       (format s "~A" line)
                       (when eof (return)))))
                ")")))

(defun read-poly (vars &key
                         (stream t) 
                         (order #'lex>))
  "Reads an expression in prefix form from a stream STREAM.
The expression read from the strem should represent a polynomial or a
list of polynomials in variables VARS, over the ring RING.  The
polynomial or list of polynomials is returned, with terms in each
polynomial ordered according to monomial order ORDER."
  (poly-eval (read-infix-form :stream stream) vars order))

(defun string->poly (str vars 
                     &optional
                       (order #'lex>))
  "Converts a string STR to a polynomial in variables VARS."
  (with-input-from-string (s str)
    (change-class (read-poly vars :stream s :order order) 'symbolic-poly :vars vars)))

(defun poly->alist (p)
  "Convert a polynomial P to an association list. Thus, the format of the
returned value is  ((MONOM[0] . COEFF[0]) (MONOM[1] . COEFF[1]) ...), where
MONOM[I] is a list of exponents in the monomial and COEFF[I] is the
corresponding coefficient in the ring."
  (cond
    ((poly-p p)
     (mapcar #'->list (poly-termlist p)))
    ((and (consp p) (eq (car p) :[))
     (cons :[ (mapcar #'poly->alist (cdr p))))))

(defun string->alist (str vars
                      &optional
                        (order #'lex>))
  "Convert a string STR representing a polynomial or polynomial list to
an association list (... (MONOM . COEFF) ...)."
  (poly->alist (string->poly str vars order)))

(defun poly-equal-no-sugar-p (p q)
  "Compare polynomials for equality, ignoring sugar."
  (declare (type poly p q))
  (equalp (poly-termlist p) (poly-termlist q)))

(defun poly-set-equal-no-sugar-p (p q)
  "Compare polynomial sets P and Q for equality, ignoring sugar."
  (null (set-exclusive-or  p q :test #'poly-equal-no-sugar-p )))

(defun poly-list-equal-no-sugar-p (p q)
  "Compare polynomial lists P and Q for equality, ignoring sugar."
  (every #'poly-equal-no-sugar-p p q))

(defmethod ->infix :around ((self symbolic-poly) &optional (vars (symbolic-poly-vars self)))
  "Convert a symbolic polynomial SELF to infix form, using variables VARS. The default
value of VARS is the corresponding slot value of SELF."
  (call-next-method self vars))

(defgeneric poly->string (self &optional vars)
  (:documentation "Render polynomial SELF as a string, using symbolic variables VARS.")
  (:method ((self poly) &optional (vars nil))
    ;; Ensure that the number of variables matches the dimension
    (assert (= (length vars) (poly-dimension self)))
    (infix-print (->infix self vars)))
  (:method ((self symbolic-poly) &optional (vars (symbolic-poly-vars self)))
    (infix-print (->infix self vars))))